Tanah Supresif: Terminologi, Sejarah, Karakteristik, dan Mekanisme

Many definitions of the suppressive soil purposed were proposed by some authors, however in summary, suppressive soil is the soil where virulent pathogen and susceptible host exist but the population and or disease produced by the pathogen are limited, due to the biotic factors supported by some specific environmental conditions. The suppressive soil phenomena has been recognized since 100 years ago, but it was thought as an interesting field since 30 years ago, and since the year many research topics related to the suppressive soil are conducted and leading to be popular. Based on the characteristic, suppressive soil could be grouped into general suppressive involving an antagonistic microbe complex being nontransferable, and specific suppressive caused by one or some antagonistic microbe being transferable. Antagonism mechanism of the microbes involved in the suppressiveness could be through antibiosis, competision, parasitism, predatism, and induced resistance. Banyak batasan tanah supresif diberikan oleh para ahli, namun dapat disarikan bahwa tanah supresif merupakan tanah dengan patogen virulen dan inang rentan tetapi populasi dan atau penyakit yang ditimbulkan tertekan, oleh faktor hayati yang didukung oleh lingkungan yang spesifik. Fenomena tanah supresif telah diketahui sejak lebih 100-an tahun yang lalu, namun mendapat perhatian baru sejak 30-an tahun yang lalu, dan sejak itu penelitian-penelitian yang mempelajari tanah supresif semakin banyak dan populer. Berdasarkan karateristiknya, tanah supresif ada dua kelompok yaitu supresif umum yang melibatkan kompleks mikrob antagonis yang tidak dapat dipindahkan (nontransferable), dan supresif khusus yang disebabkan satu atau beberapa mikrob antagonis yang dapat dipindahkan. Mekanisme antagonisme mikrob yang berperan dalam kesupresifan tanah dapat melalui antibiosis, kompetisi, parasitisme, predatisme, dan resistensi terimba

Quorum Sensing: suatu Sistem Komunikasi Bakteri Fitopatogen, Peranannya pada Proses Infeksi, dan Peluangnya sebagai Basis Pengembangan Strategi Baru dalam Pengendalian Penyakit Tumbuhan

Previously, it is thought that bacterium is an autonomous unicellular organism with no capacity for collective behavior. Now the paradigm has changed since there are communication between intercell bacteria. The phytopathogenic bacteria are able to regulate gene expression which play an important role in infection process in the host plant. The gene expression regulation involves an intercell communication in the population and this is called as quorum sensing (QS). This paper reviews the QS as a communication system of phythopathogenic bacteria, its role in infection process on the host plant, and its opportunity as the basis of novel strategy development on plant disease control. Semula, diduga bahwa bakteri merupakan organism uniselular yang tidak memiliki perilaku kolektif. Sekarang paradigma tersebut telah berubah yaitu bahwa antarsel bakteri terjadi komunikasi. Bakteri fitopatogen melakukan pengaturan ekpresi gen yang berperan penting pada proses infeksi dengan tanaman inang. Pengaturan ekspresi gen ini melibatkan suatu komunikasi antarsel dalam populasi, yang disebut quorum sensing (QS). Makalah ini mengulas QS sebagai suatu sistem komunikasi bakteri fitopatogen, peranannya dalam proses infeksi dengan tanaman inang, dan peluangnya sebagai basis pengembangan strategi baru dalam pengendalian penyakit tumbuha

Administrative Reforms and the Role of the State in Labor Conflict Resolution (Studies in Public Policy Challenge Settlement Labour disputes in Malang)

Labor issues over the years attracted the attention of many parties . Labor problems that give rise to labor conflicts , such as the case of labor disputes , violence , fraud , arbitrary dismissal , wages are not up to standard, is increasingly complex . Factors affecting the labor conflict mostly due to lack of common ground needs of employers and workers , in part because the job prospects are not clear , especially labor conflict occurs because the working hours are not clear ; costs low and uncertain job stability also causes conflict ; poor working conditions with a high risk of social dialogue and Leg . Various conflicts encountered in more labor conflict is a conflict group . The state's role in the settlement of labor disputes during this time was as an impartial facilitator between the first two elements . But in reality the Government was not able to carry out that role properly . This is evident from the birth of the rules or policies that tends to be controversial , such as Law no . 21/2000 and Decree No. . 150/2000 . Besides the existing labor legislation often fickle and many are outdated ( out of date ) . Therefore, it needs to be done in the future two-way communication and continuous between employers and workers to prevent prejudice from both sides in order to achieve good industrial relations , as well as the employers should respond quickly to the demands of the workers make approaches to the representation of the union / workers , so that the demonstrations and strikes can be prevented or at least protest or strike does not result in huge losses for the company and the workers Keywords: Labor , Conflict and the Role of Governmen

TANAH SUPRESIF DALAM PRAKTIK PENGELOLAAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN

Title : Suppressive Soil in Practices of Plant Disease Management. A lot of plant disease is caused by soilborne pathogens which various damage symptom and loss of the crop. In some fields, the disease intensity was severe, in some other fields however the disease was suppressive. The second phenomenon is called suppressive soil. The suppressive soil is a natural biological control that is usefull as basis in developing control of the soilborne pathogens. In the practice, the disease control based on the suppressive soil could be accomplished by habitat management through technique culture practices to enhance activity of the endogenous biological control agents and or introduction one or more antagonists from endogenouse or exogenous microbes. The disease control has many advantages such save in the environment and enhance the product value due to the acceptance in the global market. It implicats that the disease control approach is compatible with concept of the integrated pest management (IPM) and sustainable agriculture system. Keywords: biological control, integrated pest management, suppressive soilA lot of plant disease is caused by soilborne pathogens which various damage symptom and loss of the crop. In some fields, the disease intensity was severe, in some other fields however the disease was suppressive. The second phenomenon is called suppressive soil. The suppressive soil is a natural biological control that is usefull as basis in developing control of the soilborne pathogens. In the practice, the disease control based on the suppressive soil could be accomplished by habitat management through technique culture practices to enhance activity of the endogenous biological control agents and or introduction one or more antagonists from endogenouse or exogenous microbes. The disease control has many advantages such save in the environment and enhance the product value due to the acceptance in the global market. It implicats that the disease control approach is compatible with concept of the integrated pest management (IPM) and sustainable agriculture system. Keywords: biological control, integrated pest management, suppressive soi

IDENTIFIKASI BANJIR IMPOR KENTANG DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP HARGA DOMESTIK KENTANG DI INDONESIA

Indonesia needed to be cautious of import surge since it has potential to influence import value and price in the era of trade globalization. The main purpose of this reasearch was to examine whether import surge occurred for horticulture commodities in Indonesia, especially for potato. The methods used for identifying occurrence of import surge was based on Special Safeguard Mechanism framework of World Trade Organization which will strengthened with Vector Error Correction Model to analyse the impact of import surge to domestic prices. Based on Special Safeguard Mechanism framework, volume-based Special Safeguard Mechanism triggered in almost all year during 2002-2012 but price-based Special Safeguard Mechanism is not triggered in those years. Based on Impuls Response Function analysis, the impact of import surge shock to domestic price was relatively low but occurred permanently. Based on Forecast Error Variance Decomposition analysis, import surge variables contributed slightly to the domestic price variability but it tend to increased as time. Keywords: Horticulture, Potato, Special Safeguard Mechanism, Import Surge, Vector Error Correction Mode

QUORUM SENSING: SUATU SISTEM KOMUNIKASI BAKTERI FITOPATOGEN, PERANANNYA PADAPROSES INFEKSI, DAN PELUANGNYA SEBAGAI BASIS PENGEMBANGAN STRATEGI BARU DALAM PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN

ABSTRACT Previously, it is thought that bacterium is an autonomous unicellular organism with no capacity for collective behavior. Now the paradigm has changed since there are communication between intercell bacteria. The phytopathogenic bacteria are able to regulate gene expression which play an important role in infection process in the host plant. The gene expression regulation involves an intercell communication in the population and this is called as quorum sensing (QS). This paper reviews the QS as a communication system of phythopathogenic bacteria, its role in infection process on the host plant, and its opportunity as the basis of novel strategy development on plant disease control. Key words: disease control strategy, infection process, phythopatogenic bacteria, quorum sensing INTISARI Semula, diduga bahwa bakteri merupakan organism uniseular yang tidak memiliki perilaku kolektif. Sekarang paradigma tersebut telah berubah yaitu bahwa antarsel bakteri terjadi komunikasi. Bakteri fitopatogen melakukan pengaturan ekpresi gen yang berperan penting pada proses infeksi dengan tanaman inang. Pengaturan ekspresi gen ini melibatkan suatu komunikasi antarsel dalam populasi, yang disebut quorum sensing (QS). Makalah ini mengulas QS sebagai suatu sistem komunikasi bakteri fitopatogen, peranannya dalam proses infeksi dengan tanaman inang, dan peluangnya sebagai basis pengembangan strategi baru dalam pengendalian penyakit tumbuhan. Kata kunci: bakteri fitopatogen, proses infeksi, quorum sensing, strategi pengendalian penyaki

Identifikasi Banjir Impor Kentang dan Dampaknya terhadap Harga Domestik Kentang di Indonesia

Indonesia needed to be cautious of import surge since it has potential to influence import value and price in the era of trade globalization. The main purpose of this reasearch was to examine whether import surge occurred for horticulture commodities in Indonesia, especially for potato. The methods used for identifying occurrence of import surge was based on Special Safeguard Mechanism framework of World Trade Organization which will strengthened with Vector Error Correction Model to analyse the impact of import surge to domestic prices. Based on Special Safeguard Mechanism framework, volume-based Special Safeguard Mechanism triggered in almost all year during 2002-2012 but price-based Special Safeguard Mechanism is not triggered in those years. Based on Impuls Response Function analysis, the impact of import surge shock to domestic price was relatively low but occurred permanently. Based on Forecast Error Variance Decomposition analysis, import surge variables contributed slightly to the domestic price variability but it tend to increased as time

Endophytic Bacillus: the Potentiality of Antagonism to Wilt Pathogen and Promoting Growth to Micro-Plantlet of Banana in Vitro

Using healthy seedling produced by tissue culture is one of the recommended control strategies of banana wilt diseases caused by blood disease bacterium (BDB) and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (FOC) in Indonesia. The tissue culture technique however may cause the seedling to be susceptible to the diseases due to the aseptic work throughout producing, being able to eliminate the beneficial endophytic bacteria. Therefore it is hopeful that revitalizing the beneficial bacteria on the seedling will be able to recover the resistance of banana. Herewith, an amount of 10 isolates of endophytic Bacillus had been studied on the antagonism to the wilt pathogens and the ability to promote growth of banana micro-plantlet in vitro. The present study showed that (1) Bacillus isolate B04, B05, and B10 were antagonistic to BDB and FOC, (2) Bacillus isolate B04, B05, and B10 could release extracellular compound being able to promote the growth of banana micro-plantlets, and (3) Bacillus filtrate treatment of banana micro-plantlet was better than those infestation treatment into culture medium in promoting the growth of the micro-plantlet

Efektivitas Caisin Sebagai Tanaman Perangkap Patogen Untuk Pengendalian Penyakit Akar Gada Pada Kubis

He research was conducted by observation on 5 plot kinds of cabbage planting. The plots consist of control plot with no planting Chinese cabbage, plot with planting Chinese cabbage as rotation plant on 38 day before planting of cabbage followed by manual eradication, plot with planting Chinese cabbage as rotation plant on 38 day followed by flooding for 14 days and soil tillage, plot with mixcropping Chinese cabbage on the early growth stage of the cabbage, and plot with intercropping of Chinese cabbage on 14 days before planting the cabbage. The results showed that planting Chinese cabbage as trap crop of the pathogen followed by eradication of the infected Chinese cabbage effectively controlled clubroot intensity and significantly restored the partial yields of the cabbage

Keanekaragaman Jamur dan Bakteri Rizosfer Bawang Merah terhadap Patogen Moler

TITLE : DIVERSITY OF FUNGI AND BACTERIA OF SHALLOT RIZOSPHERE AGAINST MOLER PATHOGEN. The diversity of microorganisms is important in maintaining soil environment equilibrium, include hindering plant pathogens as moler. Moler is a disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOCe) that cause lost all the crops of shallot. Research is aimed to study the fungus and bacteria diversity of shallot rizosphere and their antagonism against FOCe which important to be biological agent of moler disease. The study was held in a descriptive explorative method, soil samples taken to know the relation of plant condition with fungus and bacteria diversity of shallot rhizosphere and their antagonism against FOCe. Fungus and bacteria were isolated from both of healthy and moler diseased of shallot rhizosphere. The result showed that healthy and moler diseased shallot rhizosphere had population of fungus and bacteria with no differences and had medium level of fungus and bacteria diversity. The fungus and bacteria isolated from healthy shallot rhizosphere had stronger antagonism against FOCe